![]() ![]() A related quantum model was proposed by Arthur Erich Haas in 1910 but was rejected until the 1911 Solvay Congress where it was thoroughly discussed. However, because of its simplicity, and its correct results for selected systems (see below for application), the Bohr model is still commonly taught to introduce students to quantum mechanics or energy level diagrams before moving on to the more accurate, but more complex, valence shell atom. As a theory, it can be derived as a first-order approximation of the hydrogen atom using the broader and much more accurate quantum mechanics and thus may be considered to be an obsolete scientific theory. The Bohr model is a relatively primitive model of the hydrogen atom, compared to the valence shell model. Not only did the Bohr model explain the reasons for the structure of the Rydberg formula, it also provided a justification for the fundamental physical constants that make up the formula's empirical results. While the Rydberg formula had been known experimentally, it did not gain a theoretical basis until the Bohr model was introduced. The model's key success lay in explaining the Rydberg formula for hydrogen's spectral emission lines. The improvement over the 1911 Rutherford model mainly concerned the new quantum mechanical interpretation introduced by Haas and Nicholson, but forsaking any attempt to explain radiation according to classical physics. In the history of atomic physics, it followed, and ultimately replaced, several earlier models, including Joseph Larmor's solar system model (1897), Jean Perrin's model (1901), the cubical model (1902), Hantaro Nagaoka's Saturnian model (1904), the plum pudding model (1904), Arthur Haas's quantum model (1910), the Rutherford model (1911), and John William Nicholson's nuclear quantum model (1912). It is analogous to the structure of the Solar System, but with attraction provided by electrostatic force rather than gravity. In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model of the atom, presented by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913, consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. ![]() The 3 → 2 transition depicted here produces the first line of the Balmer series, and for hydrogen ( Z = 1) it results in a photon of wavelength 656 nm (red light). The orbits in which the electron may travel are shown as grey circles their radius increases as n 2, where n is the principal quantum number. It comes to rest in the \(n = 6\) orbit, so \(n_2 = 6\).The cake model of the hydrogen atom ( Z = 1) or a hydrogen-like ion ( Z > 1), where the negatively charged electron confined to an atomic shell encircles a small, positively charged atomic nucleus and where an electron jumps between orbits, is accompanied by an emitted or absorbed amount of electromagnetic energy ( hν). In this case, the electron starts out with \(n = 4\), so \(n_1 = 4\). What is the energy (in joules) and the wavelength (in meters) of the line in the spectrum of hydrogen that represents the movement of an electron from Bohr orbit with n = 4 to the orbit with n = 6? In what part of the electromagnetic spectrum do we find this radiation? \): Calculating Electron Transitions in a One–electron System ![]()
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